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The Indian Head Cent of 1879 stands as a notable piece within the realm of American numismatics, offering a rich tapestry of historical significance, artistic design, and intricate craftsmanship. This coin, part of the broader Indian Head Cent series, serves as a testament to the economic and cultural narratives of the United States during the late 19th century. As a cherished collectible, the 1879 Indian Head Cent in Very Fine (VF) condition is particularly valued for its well-preserved details and its representation of an era marked by growth and transformation.
The obverse of the 1879 Indian Head Cent features the distinguished profile of Liberty, adorned with a Native American headdress, a design conceived by James Barton Longacre, the Chief Engraver of the United States Mint. Liberty's visage is rendered with a serene expression, her hair meticulously detailed beneath the feathered headdress inscribed with the word "LIBERTY." Encircling this central image are the words "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA," with the date "1879" prominently positioned at the bottom. The choice of a Native American headdress for Liberty reflects a blend of classical and indigenous elements, aiming to create a unique symbol of American identity and unity.
The reverse of the coin is equally captivating, showcasing an oak wreath bound with a ribbon, topped with a shield symbolizing protection and unity. Within the confines of the wreath, the denomination "ONE CENT" is clearly inscribed. This design, which replaced the earlier laurel wreath motif in 1860, continued to be used throughout the series, reflecting the enduring nature of the design elements chosen for the Indian Head Cent. The detailed rendering of the oak leaves, acorns, and the shield adds a layer of depth and artistry that appeals to collectors and historians alike.
The 1879 Indian Head Cent was minted at the Philadelphia Mint, the primary minting facility in the United States. The Philadelphia Mint, established in 1792, has a storied history as the birthplace of American coinage. The mintage for the 1879 Indian Head Cent was approximately 16,228,000, indicating a substantial production run that catered to the high demand for small-denomination currency in everyday transactions. This significant mintage reflects the coin's widespread use and its role in the economic life of the nation during this period.
In Very Fine condition, the 1879 Indian Head Cent exhibits well-defined details with moderate signs of wear. Liberty's hair, the feathers in the headdress, and the word "LIBERTY" remain visible, though they show evidence of circulation. On the reverse, the oak wreath and shield retain much of their detail, with slight flattening due to wear. The date and inscriptions are fully legible, adding to the coin's appeal for collectors who seek both aesthetic qualities and historical authenticity.
The Indian Head Cent series, produced from 1859 to 1909, holds a revered place in American numismatic history. These coins were widely circulated and played a crucial role in the everyday economic activities of the United States. The series is appreciated not only for its artistic merit but also for the historical context it provides, encompassing periods of conflict, reconstruction, and rapid industrialization. The 1879 issue, in particular, offers a glimpse into the post-Civil War era, a time marked by significant social and economic changes.
The year 1879 was a period of recovery and innovation in the United States. The country was emerging from the tumultuous years following the Civil War, and there was a renewed focus on industrial growth and technological advancement. Coins like the 1879 Indian Head Cent were integral to the nation's economic activities, facilitating trade and commerce as the country expanded westward and integrated new territories into its economic framework.
The Philadelphia Mint's production of the 1879 Indian Head Cent reflects the quality and precision for which the mint is known. The coin's bronze composition, consisting of 95% copper and 5% tin and zinc, was selected for its durability and cost-effectiveness. This composition, introduced in 1864, replaced the earlier copper-nickel alloy, ensuring that the coins would withstand the rigors of circulation and remain in use for extended periods.
Overall, the 1879 Indian Head Cent in Very Fine condition is a remarkable artifact of American numismatic history. Its design by James Barton Longacre, historical context, and role in the broader Indian Head Cent series make it a standout coin. Collectors and historians value the 1879 Indian Head Cent for its beauty, durability, and the fascinating story it tells about a transformative period in American history. The coin serves as a tangible link to the past, providing insight into the economic and cultural life of the United States during a time of significant change and growth.
The Indian Head Cent series remains a favorite among collectors, offering a diverse array of issues that reflect the evolution of American coinage and the nation's history. The 1879 Indian Head Cent, with its well-preserved details and historical significance, continues to captivate those who appreciate the artistry and heritage embodied in each coin.