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The 1870 U.S. Shield Nickel in Almost Uncirculated (AU) condition is a compelling and historically significant example from the earliest nickel five-cent series produced by the United States Mint. The Shield Nickel was struck from 1866 to 1883 and represents the first official five-cent coin made of copper-nickel alloy, issued after the Civil War to replace the earlier silver half dime. The 1870 issue is particularly desirable to collectors for its balanced mintage, classic 19th-century design, and status as part of a transitional era in American coinage. In AU condition, the coin retains much of its original detail and luster, making it a premium example for type and date collectors alike.
The obverse of the 1870 Shield Nickel features James B. Longacre’s iconic design centered around a large, ornate shield that symbolizes national unity and strength. The shield is flanked by branches and topped by a cross, with a pair of stylized scrolls curving outward at the sides. Rays of light emanate from the top of the shield in upward arcs, lending a sense of divine protection and purpose. Above the shield is the motto “IN GOD WE TRUST,” which had only recently become a standard inscription on U.S. coinage. In Almost Uncirculated condition, this side of the coin retains nearly all its design elements, with only minor wear on the highest points of the scrolls and cross. Much of the original mint luster is still present in the fields, and the lettering and shield lines remain sharp and distinct.
The reverse of the coin features the denomination “5” large and bold in the center, surrounded by 13 stars representing the original colonies. These stars are arranged in a circular pattern, and the outer rim bears the inscription “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA” and the words “CENTS” along the bottom. The design is clean and symmetrical, and in AU condition, it remains well-struck with just trace friction on the central numeral or a few of the surrounding stars. The coin’s edge is plain, as is standard for the Shield Nickel series, and any original mint frost still clinging to the devices adds visual appeal for seasoned collectors.
The 1870 Shield Nickel was struck at the Philadelphia Mint, which was the only facility producing this denomination during the series. The total mintage for the year was 4,807,000 coins—a relatively modest output by modern standards but typical for Shield Nickels of the time. While not considered a key date, the 1870 issue is less common than the earlier Civil War-era issues and is particularly elusive in higher circulated grades. Many pieces from this era show signs of poor strikes or planchet flaws, making attractive AU examples all the more desirable.
Composed of 75% copper and 25% nickel, the Shield Nickel was a groundbreaking coin in its time, helping usher in an era of nickel-based coinage that would continue through the 20th century. The composition resulted in a hard, durable planchet but also caused production challenges. The hardness of the alloy made the coins difficult to strike fully, especially in areas with fine detail. Many Shield Nickels from the 1870s show incomplete detail or die erosion due to the mint’s struggle to strike the coins with sufficient pressure. In this context, an AU example with strong definition and minimal wear represents a well-preserved specimen and a testament to the coin’s survival through over 150 years of history.
The Shield Nickel series is divided into two major types: the "With Rays" design (1866–1867) and the "No Rays" design (1867–1883), which includes the 1870 issue. The original rays surrounding the reverse stars were removed partway through 1867 to improve die life and strike quality. Thus, the 1870 issue belongs to the No Rays variety and is a popular date within the second major subtype. Many collectors pursue complete date runs or focus on high-grade representatives from each subtype, making AU examples of the 1870 coin appealing for such collections.
In AU condition, the 1870 Shield Nickel displays minimal wear confined to the highest relief areas, such as the tops of the shield’s cross and the numeral on the reverse. These coins exhibit strong detail, attractive surfaces, and, in many cases, traces of mint luster. Eye appeal is a key consideration for coins in this grade, and specimens with smooth, clean surfaces and even toning are especially valued. Most AU examples are graded AU50 to AU58, with AU55 and AU58 coins bordering on uncirculated in visual quality but with slight friction that disqualifies them from a Mint State designation.
Because of the Shield Nickel’s complex design and age, collectors often accept light marks or planchet roughness as typical for the series. However, coins with full details, problem-free surfaces, and original coloration command higher premiums, particularly when certified by a major third-party grading service such as PCGS or NGC. These coins can serve as excellent type representatives, offering a near-Mint State appearance without the significant price jump associated with true uncirculated specimens.
The 1870 Shield Nickel in Almost Uncirculated condition is ideal for collectors who appreciate 19th-century U.S. coinage and the transition from silver to base metal denominations. It represents a blend of artistry, technological challenge, and economic necessity—factors that shaped post-Civil War coinage policy. Its classic design, well-preserved state, and relatively limited availability make it an excellent acquisition for any numismatist seeking to explore the roots of America’s modern nickel coinage or to complete a comprehensive 19th-century type set.
Overall, the 1870 Shield Nickel in AU condition is a handsome, historically rich coin that reflects both the design sophistication and minting challenges of its era. Its enduring appeal lies not only in its vintage and artistic merit but also in its tangible connection to a formative period in American coinage history.